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Effectively blocking the transmission route of coronavirus and protecting the susceptible population play significant roles in the control of COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening home-based medical observation is one of the key points in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in families and communities. Therefore, in order to meet the needs for COVID-19 prevention and control in Beijing, a group of experts organized by Beijing Association of Preventive Medicine developed the Guidelines for medical observation management of close contacts with COVID-19 cases Part 3: home-based medical observation(T/BPMA007.3-2020), which offers the specific provisions for close contacts of COVID-19 cases who need home-based medical observation as well as home environmental condition, prevention and control requirements, waste disposal, disinfection, community prevention and control work requirements, basic requirements for training and education and management guidelines.It provides standard support for home-based medical observation of close contacts with COVID-19 cases.
ABSTRACT
Effectively blocking the transmission route of coronavirus and protecting the susceptible population play significant roles in the control of COVID-19 pandemic.Strengthening home-based medical observation is one of the key points in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in families and communities.Therefore, in order to meet the needs for COVID-19 prevention and control in Beijing, a group of experts organized by Beijing Association of Preventive Medicine developed the Guidelines for medical observation management of close contacts with COVID-19 cases Part 3: home-based medical observation（T/BPMA007.3-2020）, which offers the specific provisions for close contacts of COVID-19 cases who need home-based medical observation as well as home environmental condition, prevention and control requirements, waste disposal, disinfection, community prevention and control work requirements, basic requirements for training and education and management guidelines.It provides standard support for home-based medical observation of close contacts with COVID-19 cases.
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Objective: To explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of confirmed cases of coronavirus disease(COVID-19)in Zhejiang Province and to determine the correlation between number of confirmed cases and geographical demographic factors, so as to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of COVID-19.
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Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial-temporal clustering of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in Hebei Province in order to provide scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control measures.
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Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and incubation of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)from Jan. 22 to Mar. 8, 2020 in Anhui Province, in order to provide the basis for further understanding of the transmission pattern of COVID-19 and formulating regional control measures.
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Objective: To explore the spatiotemporal distribution of COVID-19 in Wenzhou and to provide theoretical basis for the formulation of preventive and control measures.
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Objective: To explore the related influence factors of coronavirus diseases 2019(COVID-19)in Shandong Province and understand the regional distribution characteristics of the epidemic situation, and to provide a scientific basis for guiding prevention and control strategies.
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Objective: To explore the epidemic dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in Shandong Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the future prevention and control of new outbreaks of COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases.
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Objective: To explore epidemic dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Xinyang City so as to provide scientific basis for optimizing the prevention and control strategies and evaluating the effects of intervention.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pneumonia , Humans , Inflammation/genetics , Lung , SARS-CoV-2 , Serologic TestsABSTRACT
Emerging evidence has suggested a close correlation between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative disorders. However, whether there exists a causal association and the effect direction remains unknown. To examine the causative role of COVID-19 in the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, we estimated their genetic correlation, and then conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies of susceptibility, hospitalization, and severity of COVID-19, as well as six major neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. We identified a significant and positive genetic correlation between hospitalization of COVID-19 and AD (genetic correlation: 0.23, P = 8.36E-07). Meanwhile, hospitalization of COVID-19 was significantly associated with a higher risk of AD (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03, P: 1.19E-03). Consistently, susceptibility (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09, P: 9.30E-03) and severity (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02, P: 0.012) of COVID-19 were nominally associated with higher risk of AD. The results were robust under all sensitivity analyses. These results demonstrated that COVID-19 could increase the risk of AD. Future development of preventive or therapeutic interventions could attach importance to this to alleviate the complications of COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , COVID-19 , Neurodegenerative Diseases , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Genome-Wide Association Study/methods , Humans , Mendelian Randomization Analysis/methods , Neurodegenerative Diseases/epidemiology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Carnitine, a potential substitute or supplementation for dexamethasone, might protect against COVID-19 based on its molecular functions. However, the correlation between carnitine and COVID-19 has not been explored yet, and whether there exists causation is unknown. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to explore the causal relationship between carnitine level and COVID-19. Significant single nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide association study on carnitine (N = 7,824) were utilized as exposure instruments, and summary statistics of the susceptibility (N = 1,467,264), severity (N = 714,592) and hospitalization (N = 1,887,658) of COVID-19 were utilized as the outcome. The causal relationship was evaluated by multiplicative random effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, and further verified by another three MR methods including MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode, as well as extensive sensitivity analyses. Results: Genetically determined one standard deviation increase in carnitine amount was associated with lower susceptibility (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.19–0.74, P: 4.77E−03) of COVID-19. Carnitine amount was also associated with lower severity and hospitalization of COVID-19 using another three MR methods, though the association was not significant using the IVW method but showed the same direction of effect. The results were robust under all sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: A genetic predisposition to high carnitine levels might reduce the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. These results provide better understandings on the role of carnitine in the COVID-19 pathogenesis, and facilitate novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 in future clinical trials.
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After the emergence of the pandemic, repurposed drugs have been considered as a quicker way of finding potential antiviral agents. SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro is essential for processing the viral polyproteins into mature non-structural proteins, making it an attractive target for developing antiviral agents. Here we show that Vitamin K3 screened from the FDA-Approved Drug Library containing an array of 1,018 compounds has potent inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro with the IC50 value of 4.78 ± 1.03 µM, rather than Vitamin K1, K2 and K4. Next, the time-dependent inhibitory experiment was carried out to confirm that Vitamin K3 could form the covalent bond with SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Then we analyzed the structure-activity relationship of Vitamin K3 analogues and identified 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with 9.8 times higher inhibitory activity than Vitamin K3. Further mass spectrometric analysis and molecular docking study verified the covalent binding between Vitamin K3 or 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Thus, our findings provide valuable information for further optimization and design of novel inhibitors based on Vitamin K3 and its analogues, which may have the potential to fight against SARS-CoV-2.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus 3C Proteases , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , SARS-CoV-2/enzymology , Vitamin K 3 , Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors , Coronavirus 3C Proteases/chemistry , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Humans , Vitamin K 3/analogs & derivatives , Vitamin K 3/chemistry , COVID-19 Drug TreatmentABSTRACT
Background: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), is now sweeping across the world. A substantial proportion of infections only lead to mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, but the proportion and infectivity of asymptomatic infections remains unknown. In this paper, we proposed a model to estimate the proportion and infectivity of asymptomatic cases, using COVID-19 in Henan Province, China, as an example. Methods: We extended the conventional susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model by including asymptomatic, unconfirmed symptomatic, and quarantined cases. Based on this model, we used daily reported COVID-19 cases from January 21 to February 26, 2020, in Henan Province to estimate the proportion and infectivity of asymptomatic cases, as well as the change of effective reproductive number, R t . Results: The proportion of asymptomatic cases among COVID-19 infected individuals was 42% and the infectivity was 10% that of symptomatic ones. The basic reproductive number R 0 = 2.73, and R t dropped below 1 on January 31 under a series of measures. Conclusion: The spread of the COVID-19 epidemic was rapid in the early stage, with a large number of asymptomatic infected individuals having relatively low infectivity. However, it was quickly brought under control with national measures.
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Background: The asymptomatic proportion is a critical epidemiological characteristic that modulates the pandemic potential of emerging respiratory virus, which may vary depending on the nature of the disease source, population characteristics, source-host interaction, and environmental factors. Methods: We developed a simple likelihood-based framework to estimate the instantaneous asymptomatic proportion of infectious diseases. Taking the COVID-19 epidemics in Hong Kong as a case study, we applied the estimation framework to estimate the reported asymptomatic proportion (rAP) using the publicly available surveillance data. We divided the time series of daily cases into four stages of epidemics in Hong Kong by examining the persistency of the epidemic and compared the rAPs of imported cases and local cases at different stages. Results: As of July 31, 2020, there were two intermittent epidemics in Hong Kong. The first one was dominated by imported cases, accounting for 63.2% of the total cases, and the second one was dominated by local cases, accounting for 86.5% of the total cases. The rAP was estimated at 23.1% (95% CI: 10.8-39.7%) from January 23 to July 31, and the rAPs were estimated at 22.6% (95% CI: 11.1-38.9%) among local cases and 38.7% (95% CI: 9.0-72.0%) among imported cases. Our results showed that the rAPs of local cases were not significantly different between the two epidemics, but increased gradually during the first epidemic period. In contrast, the rAPs of imported cases in the latter epidemic period were significantly higher than that in the previous epidemic period. Conclusion: Hong Kong has a high rAP of imported COVID-19 cases and should continue to strengthen the detection and isolation of imported individuals to prevent the resurgence of the disease.
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COVID-19 , Hong Kong/epidemiology , Humans , Likelihood Functions , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The ongoing pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is challenging global public health response system. We aim to identify the risk factors for the transmission of COVID-19 using data on mainland China. We estimated attack rate (AR) at county level. Logistic regression was used to explore the role of transportation in the nationwide spread. Generalized additive model and stratified linear mixed-effects model were developed to identify the effects of multiple meteorological factors on local transmission. The ARs in affected counties ranged from 0.6 to 9750.4 per million persons, with a median of 8.8. The counties being intersected by railways, freeways, national highways or having airports had significantly higher risk for COVID-19 with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.40 (p = 0.001), 2.07 (p < 0.001), 1.31 (p = 0.04), and 1.70 (p < 0.001), respectively. The higher AR of COVID-19 was significantly associated with lower average temperature, moderate cumulative precipitation and higher wind speed. Significant pairwise interactions were found among above three meteorological factors with higher risk of COVID-19 under low temperature and moderate precipitation. Warm areas can also be in higher risk of the disease with the increasing wind speed. In conclusion, transportation and meteorological factors may play important roles in the transmission of COVID-19 in mainland China, and could be integrated in consideration by public health alarm systems to better prevent the disease.
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COVID-19 , Humans , Meteorological Concepts , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , TemperatureABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a potential cause of infarction. During the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), home isolation and activity reduction can lead to hypercoagulability. Here, we report a case of sudden acute myocardial infarction caused by large CAA during the home isolation. CASE PRESENTATION: During the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),a 16-year-old man with no cardiac history was admitted to CCU of Tang du hospital because of severe chest pain for 8 h. The patient reached the hospital its own, his electrocardiogram showed typical features of anterior wall infarction, echocardiography was performed and revealed local anterior wall dysfunction, but left ventricle ejection fraction was normal, initial high-sensitivity troponin level was 7.51 ng/mL (<1.0 ng/mL). The patient received loading dose of aspirin and clopidogrel bisulfate and a total occlusion of the LAD was observed in the emergency coronary angiography (CAG). After repeated aspiration of the thrombus, TIMI blood flow reached level 3. Coronary artery aneurysm was visualized in the last angiography. No stent was implanted. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed and the diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysm was further confirmed. The patient was discharged with a better health condition. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery aneurysm is a potential reason of infarction, CAG and IVUS are valuable tools in diagnosis in such cases, during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), home isolation and activity reduction can lead to hypercoagulability, and activities at home should be increased in the high-risk patients.